我国检察公益诉讼制度的发展态势与制度完善——基于2017—2019年数据的实证分析

我国检察公益诉讼制度全面实施两年后呈现出新的发展态势。亟需理论深入研判。本文以2017—2019年间的司法数据为基础，运用实证方法分析了《行政诉讼法》《民事诉讼法》修改后检察公益诉讼在办案数量、办案规则、办案能力、办案力量、办案重心等方面的发展态势：审判机关和检察机关的办案数量增长迅速，并积极推动诉讼规则完善；各地办案数量差异明显，案件分布不均衡；基层人民检察院是办案主力军；行政公益诉讼案件数量锐减，办案重心转向刑事附带民事公益诉讼案件；立案数量快速增长，但履行诉前程序、提起诉讼的比率呈下降趋势。这些发展态势的内因是检察机关组织机构改革带来的办案能力的提升；外因是党委和人大增强了对检察公益诉讼的支持力度，化解了制度运行中的部分障碍。未来还需从内、外、广、深四个维度推动检察公益诉讼制度完善：促进公益诉讼检察与三大检察内部融合；建立公益诉讼检察与法治政府的耦合；探索拓展受案范围；建构符合需要的诉讼机制。     

论行政登记在司法审查中的两个误区——以房屋登记行政诉讼案为切入点

近年来,企图通过行政诉讼解决民事纠纷之实例频现于行政登记领域,尤以房屋登记行政诉讼案最为典型。然而,大量涌现的类似诉讼现象却难逃正当性拷问,在其背后潜藏着两个误区:撤销行政登记必然影响民事法律关系变动、行政诉讼撤销判决必然存在适用空间。两个误区的形成分别源自对行政登记功能定位的片面认识与对行政登记合法要件的抉择失当,因而有必要从功能定位的视角厘清许可式、确认式、公示式登记对民事法律关系变动的影响,也有必要探讨实然与应然、长远与当下所应采取的审查方式,进而确定该审查方式下行政登记在司法审查中所应确立的合法要件,以上举措是走出前述误区的关键。     

The Optimal Allocation Combination for the One-Sided Sequential Screening Procedure Based on the Individual Misclassification Error

In this article, the expected total costs of three kinds of quality cost functions for the one-sided sequential screening procedure based on the individual misclassification error are obtained, where the expected total cost is the sum of the expected cost of inspection, the expected cost of rejection, and the expected cost of quality. The computational formulas for three kinds of expected total costs are derived when k screening variables are allocated into r stages. The optimal allocation combination is determined based on the criterion of minimum expected total cost. At last, we give one example to illustrate the selection of the optimal allocation combination for the sequential screening procedure.     

Multiple comparisons of exponential location parameters with a control based on doubly censored sample under heteroscedasticity

In this article, a one-sample procedure for multiple comparisons of exponential location parameters with a control under heteroscedasticity is proposed. The observations are obtained by doubly censored samples. A one-sided and two-sided confidence intervals are used to perform such multiple comparisons. Statistical tables of critical values and an example of comparing four drugs in treating leukemia are provided.     

Multiple comparisons in two-factor testing of psychophysical thresholds by the delta test method

We propose an algorithm of multiple comparisons in two-factor testing of psychophysical thresholds. We use logistic regression combined with guessing rate and adopt the step-down procedure with Ryan–Einot–Gabriel–Welsch (REGW) significance levels for multiple test. We test hypotheses of main effects and interaction in two-factor problem by using the delta test statistics.     

On robustness of the Shiryaev–Roberts change-point detection procedure under parameter misspecification in the post-change distribution

The gist of the quickest change-point detection problem is to detect the presence of a change in the statistical behavior of a series of sequentially made observations, and do so in an optimal detection-speed-versus-“false-positive”-risk manner. When optimality is understood either in the generalized Bayesian sense or as defined in Shiryaev's multi-cyclic setup, the so-called Shiryaev–Roberts (SR) detection procedure is known to be the “best one can do”, provided, however, that the observations’ pre- and post-change distributions are both fully specified. We consider a more realistic setup, viz. one where the post-change distribution is assumed known only up to a parameter, so that the latter may be misspecified. The question of interest is the sensitivity (or robustness) of the otherwise “best” SR procedure with respect to a possible misspecification of the post-change distribution parameter. To answer this question, we provide a case study where, in a specific Gaussian scenario, we allow the SR procedure to be “out of tune” in the way of the post-change distribution parameter, and numerically assess the effect of the “mistuning” on Shiryaev's (multi-cyclic) Stationary Average Detection Delay delivered by the SR procedure. The comprehensive quantitative robustness characterization of the SR procedure obtained in the study can be used to develop the respective theory as well as to provide a rational for practical design of the SR procedure. The overall qualitative conclusion of the study is an expected one: the SR procedure is less (more) robust for less (more) contrast changes and for lower (higher) levels of the false alarm risk.     

与国际行政法的产生有关的几个基本问题——基于全球化、全球治理的视角

全球治理的提出源于全球化的推动,而全球治理的提出及实践则使国际行政法的产生、形成成为可能。具体而言,全球公民社会的兴起与国际非政府组织的发展是国际行政法产生的两个现实驱动因素。国际行政法的产生路径可总结为"自下而上"和"自上而下"的路径。国际行政法具有区别于国内行政法的若干明显特征,国际层面相比国内层面的很多特殊性也使得国际行政法的体系化发展面临诸多挑战。这些问题虽然不能忽视,但它们也并非不可克服。虽然国际行政法不如国内行政法成熟,但是如能改进合法性,便能够将超国家机构的全球治理职能发挥得更好。全球治理语境下国际行政法体系的产生、形成是一种历史的必然趋势。     

Sequential Hypothesis Tests for Identifying the Minimum Dose with a Threshold Effect

We propose a procedure to identify a lowest dose having greater effect than a threshold dose under the assumption of monotonicity of dose mean response in dose response test. So, we use statistics based on contrasts among sample means and apply a group sequential procedure to our procedure to identify effectively the dose. If we can identify the dose at an early step in the sequential test, since we can terminate the procedure with a few observations, the procedure is useful from an economical point of view. In a simulation studies, we compare the superiority among these procedures based on three contrasts.     

地方政府绩效评估的症结

政府绩效就是为了实现预期的目标,政府制定和执行公共政策,履行职责的过程和结果。政府绩效评估既要针对政府行为过程是否合法、符合程序,又要针对行为结果是否经济、有效。由于目前我国"政治上位的政治行政一体化"体制对绩效评估的制约和排斥,绩效评估没有成为有效的约束、激励政府行为的机制。本文从政策学角度,结合具体案例,分析了当前地方政府绩效评估的主要特征和问题,并提出从体制上和制度上推进政府绩效评估。     

我国采矿权的法律属性及其反思

我国采矿权既具有物权属性又具有行政权属性,其原因是采矿权受到行政权的过度干预。采矿权本来是一项民事权利,但在我国,其产生完全受制于行政权。我国将开采矿产资源的民事权利(采矿权)与政府对矿产资源开采的管制(行政许可)混为一团,行政许可兼负了创立民事权利的职责。要解决这个问题,就要分清国家作为矿产资源所有者与作为矿产资源开采管理者的身份,将国家让与采矿权的民事行为与国家对企业开采矿产资源的行政许可行为分开。